a little addition to the example of pixel at minikomp dot com here below<?php    function &func(){        static $static = 0;        $static++;        return $static;    }    $var1 =& func();    echo "var1:", $var1; // 1    func();    func();    echo "var1:", $var1; // 3    $var2 = func(); // assignment without the &    echo "var2:", $var2; // 4    func();    func();    echo "var1:", $var1; // 6    echo "var2:", $var2; // still 4?>

Sometimes, you would like to return NULL with a function returning reference, to indicate the end of chain of elements. However this generates E_NOTICE. Here is little tip, how to prevent that:<?phpclass Foo {   const $nullGuard = NULL;   // ... some declarations and definitions   public function &next() {      // ...      if (!$end) return $bar;      else return $this->nullGuard;   }}?>by doing this you can do smth like this without notices:<?php$f = new Foo();// ...while (($item = $f->next()) != NULL) {// ...}?>you may also use global variable:global $nullGuard;return $nullGuard;

I haven't seen anyone note method chaining in PHP5.  When an object is returned by a method in PHP5 it is returned by default as a reference, and the new Zend Engine 2 allows you to chain method calls from those returned objects.  For example consider this code:<?phpclass Foo {    protected $bar;    public function __construct() {        $this->bar = new Bar();        print "Foo\n";    }            public function getBar() {        return $this->bar;    }}class Bar {    public function __construct() {        print "Bar\n";    }        public function helloWorld() {        print "Hello World\n";    }}function test() {    return new Foo();}test()->getBar()->helloWorld();?>Notice how we called test() which was not on an object, but returned an instance of Foo, followed by a method on Foo, getBar() which returned an instance of Bar and finally called one of its methods helloWorld().  Those familiar with other interpretive languages (Java to name one) will recognize this functionality.  For whatever reason this change doesn't seem to be documented very well, so hopefully someone will find this helpful.

An example of returning references:<?$var = 1;$num = NULL;function &blah(){    $var =& $GLOBALS["var"]; # the same as global $var;    $var++;    return $var;}$num = &blah();echo $num; # 2blah();echo $num; # 3?>Note: if you take the & off from the function, the second echo will be 2, because without & the var $num contains its returning value and not its returning reference.

The &b() function returns a reference of $a in the global scope.<?php$a = 0;function &b(){    global $a;    return $a;}$c = &b();$c++;echo"\$a: $a\$b: $c"?>It outputs:$a: 1 $b: 1

This note seems not to apply with PHP 7:"Note: If you try to return a reference from a function with the syntax: return ($this->value); this will not work as you are attempting to return the result of an expression, and not a variable, by reference. You can only return variables by reference from a function - nothing else. Since PHP 5.1.0, an E_NOTICE error is issued if the code tries to return a dynamic expression or a result of the new operator."Bug following code works without error output. Same result as i would not have braces around $this-value.<?phpclass foo {    public $value = 42;    public function &getValue() {        return ($this->value);    }}$obj = new foo;$myValue = &$obj->getValue();$obj->value = 2;echo $myValue;

The note about using parentheses when returning references is only true if the variable you try to return does not already contain a reference.<?php// Will return a referencefunction& getref1()  {  $ref =& $GLOBALS['somevar'];  return ($ref);  }// Will return a value (and emit a notice)function& getref2()  {  $ref = 42;  return ($ref);  }// Will return a referencefunction& getref3()  {  static $ref = 42;  return ($ref);  }?>

Zayfod's example above is useful, but I feel that it needs more explanation. The point that should be made is that a parameter passed in by reference can be changed to reference something else, resulting in later changes to the local variable not affecting the passed in variable:<?phpfunction    & func_b (){    $some_var = 2;    return $some_var;}function    func_a (& $param){    # $param is 1 here    $param = & func_b();    # Here the reference is changed and                                           # the "&" in "func_a (& $param)"                                           # is no longer in effect at all.    # $param is 2 here    $param++;    # Has no effect on $var.}$var = 1;func_a($var);# $var is still 1 here!!!    Because the reference was changed.?>

Keep in mind that returning by reference doesn't work with __callStatic:

<?php
class Test {
  private static $_inst;
  public static function & __callStatic ($name, $args) {
    if (!isset(static::$_inst)){ 
      echo "create";
      static::$_inst = (object)"test";
   }
   return static::$_inst;
}

var_dump($a = &Test::abc()); // prints 'create'
$a = null;
var_dump(Test::abc()); // doesn't prints and the instance still exists in Test::$_inst
?>

Be careful when using tinary operation condition?value1:value2See the following code:$a=1;function &foo(){  global $a;  return isset($a)?$a:null;}$b=&foo();echo $b;   // shows 1$b=2;echo $a;   // shows 1 (not 2! because $b got a copy of $a)To let $b be a reference to $a, use "if..then.." in the function.

<?php$a = 9;function &myF(){    global $a;    return $a;}//before modified the value$func =& myF();echo "$a and $func";echo "\n";//after modified the value$func++;echo "$a and $func";

If you want to get a part of an array to manipulate, you can use this functionfunction &getArrayField(&$array,$path) {  if (!empty($path)) {    if (empty($array[$path[0]])) return NULL;    else return getArrayField($array[$path[0]], array_slice($path, 1));  } else {    return $array;  }}Use it like this:$partArray =& getArrayField($GLOBALS,array("config","modul1"));You can manipulate $partArray and the changes are also made with $GLOBALS.

There is a small exception to the note on this page of the documentation. You do not have to use & to indicate that reference binding should be done when you assign to a value passed by reference the result of a function which returns by reference.Consider the following two exaples:<?phpfunction    & func_b (){    $some_var = 2;    return $some_var;}function    func_a (& $param){    # $param is 1 here    $param = & func_b();    # $param is 2 here}$var = 1;func_a($var);# $var is still 1 here!!!?>The second example works as intended:<?phpfunction    & func_b (){    $some_var = 2;    return $some_var;}function    func_a (& $param){    # $param is 1 here    $param = func_b();    # $param is 2 here}$var = 1;func_a($var);# $var is 2 here as intended?>(Experienced with PHP 4.3.0)

When returning reference to the object member which is instantiated inside the function, the object is destructed upon returning (which is a problem). It's easier to see the code:<?phpclass MemcacheArray {    public $data;    ...    /**     * Super-clever one line cache reading AND WRITING!     * Usage $data = &MemcacheArray::getData(__METHOD__);     * Hopefully PHP will know that $this->data is still used      * and will call destructor after data changes.     * Ooops, it's not the case.         *     * @return unknown     */    function &getData($file, $expire = 3600) {        $o = new MemcacheArray($file, $expire);        return $o->data;    }?>Here, destructor is called upon return() and the reference becomes a normal variable.My solution is to store objects in a pool until the final exit(), but I don't like it. Any other ideas?<?php    protected static $instances = array();    function &getData($file, $expire = 3600) {        $o = new MemcacheArray($file, $expire);        self::$instances[$file] = $o; // keep object from destructing too early        return $o->data;    }?>

I learned a painful lesson working with a class method that would pass by reference.   In short, if you have a method in a class that is initialed with ampersand during declaration, do not use another ampersand when using the method as in &$this->method();For example<?phpclass A {    public function &hello(){        static $a='';        return $a;    }    public function bello(){        $b=&$this->hello();  // incorrect. Do not use ampersand.        $b=$this->hello();  // $b is a reference  to the static variable.}?>

You can set the value of the variable returned by reference, be it a `static` function variable or a `private` property of an object (which is quite dangerous o.o).Static function variable:<?php    function &func(){        static $static = 0;        return $static;    }    $var1 =& func();    echo "var1:", $var1, "\n"; // 0    func();        $var1 = 90;    echo "var1:", $var1, "\n"; // 90    echo "static:", func(), "\n"; // 90?>Private property<?phpclass foo {    private $value = 1;    public function &getValue() {        return $this->value;    }        public function setValue($val) {        $this->value = $val;    }}$obj = new foo;$myValue = &$obj->getValue(); // $myValue is a reference to $obj->value, which is 1.echo $obj->getValue();  // 1echo $myValue; // 1$obj->setValue(5);echo $obj->getValue();  // 5echo $myValue; // 5$myValue = 1000;echo $obj->getValue();  // 1000echo $myValue; // 1000?>

A note about returning references embedded in non-reference arrays :<?$foo;function bar () {    global $foo;    $return = array();    $return[] =& $foo;    return $return;}$foo = 1;$foobar = bar();$foobar[0] = 2;echo $foo;?>results in "2" because the reference is copied (pretty neat).

There is an important difference between php5 and php4 with references.Lets say you have a class with a method called 'get_instance' to get a reference to an exsisting class and it's properties.<?phpclass mysql {    function get_instance(){        // check if object exsists        if(empty($_ENV['instances']['mysql'])){            // no object yet, create an object            $_ENV['instances']['mysql'] = new mysql;        }        // return reference to object        $ref = &$_ENV['instances']['mysql'];        return $ref;    }}?>Now to get the exsisting object you can usemysql::get_instance();Though this works in php4 and in php5, but in php4 all data will be lost as if it is a new object while in php5 all properties in the object remain.