strval

Some notes about how this function has changed over time, with regards the following statement:> You cannot use strval() on arrays or on objects that > do not implement the __toString() method. == Arrays ==In PHP 5.3 and below, strval(array(1, 2, 3)) would return the string "Array" without any sort of error occurring.From 5.4 and above, the return value is unchanged but you will now get a notice-level error: "Array to string conversion".== Objects ==For objects that do not implement __toString(), the behaviour has varied:PHP 4: "Object"PHP 5 < 5.2: "Object id #1" (number obviously varies)PHP >= 5.2: Catchable fatal error:  Object of class X could not be converted to string

As of PHP 5.2, strval() will return the string value of an object, calling its __toString() method to determine what that value is.

If you want to convert an integer into an English word string, eg. 29 -> twenty-nine, then here's a function to do it.Note on use of fmod()  I used the floating point fmod() in preference to the % operator, because % converts the operands to int, corrupting values outside of the range [-2147483648, 2147483647]I haven't bothered with "billion" because the word means 10e9 or 10e12 depending who you ask.The function returns '#' if the argument does not represent a whole number.<?php$nwords = array( "zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven",                   "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve", "thirteen",                   "fourteen", "fifteen", "sixteen", "seventeen", "eighteen",                   "nineteen", "twenty", 30 => "thirty", 40 => "forty",                   50 => "fifty", 60 => "sixty", 70 => "seventy", 80 => "eighty",                   90 => "ninety" );function int_to_words($x) {   global $nwords;   if(!is_numeric($x))      $w = '#';   else if(fmod($x, 1) != 0)      $w = '#';   else {      if($x < 0) {         $w = 'minus ';         $x = -$x;      } else         $w = '';      // ... now $x is a non-negative integer.      if($x < 21)   // 0 to 20         $w .= $nwords[$x];      else if($x < 100) {   // 21 to 99         $w .= $nwords[10 * floor($x/10)];         $r = fmod($x, 10);         if($r > 0)            $w .= '-'. $nwords[$r];      } else if($x < 1000) {   // 100 to 999         $w .= $nwords[floor($x/100)] .' hundred';         $r = fmod($x, 100);         if($r > 0)            $w .= ' and '. int_to_words($r);      } else if($x < 1000000) {   // 1000 to 999999         $w .= int_to_words(floor($x/1000)) .' thousand';         $r = fmod($x, 1000);         if($r > 0) {            $w .= ' ';            if($r < 100)               $w .= 'and ';            $w .= int_to_words($r);         }      } else {    //  millions         $w .= int_to_words(floor($x/1000000)) .' million';         $r = fmod($x, 1000000);         if($r > 0) {            $w .= ' ';            if($r < 100)               $word .= 'and ';            $w .= int_to_words($r);         }      }   }   return $w;}?>Usage:<?phpecho 'There are currently '. int_to_words($count) . ' members logged on.';?>

I can't help being surprised that(string)"0" == (string)"0.00"evaluates to true. It's the same with strval and single quotes.=== avoids it.Why does it matter? One of my suppliers, unbelievably, uses 0 to mean standard discount and 0.00 to mean no discount in their stock files.

The only way to convert a large float to a string is to use printf('%0.0f',$float); instead of strval($float); (php 5.1.4).// strval() will lose digits around pow(2,45);echo pow(2,50); // 1.1258999068426E+015echo (string)pow(2,50); // 1.1258999068426E+015echo strval(pow(2,50)); // 1.1258999068426E+015// full conversionprintf('%0.0f',pow(2,50)); // 112589906846624echo sprintf('%0.0f',pow(2,50)); // 112589906846624

As of PHP 5.1.4 (I have not tested it in later versions), the strval function does not attempt to invoke the __toString method when it encounters an object. This simple wrapper function will handle this circumstance for you:<?/** * Returns the string value of a variable * * This differs from strval in that it invokes __toString if an object is given * and the object has that method */function stringVal ($value){    // We use get_class_methods instead of method_exists to ensure that __toString is a public method    if (is_object($value) && in_array("__toString", get_class_methods($value)))        return strval($value->__toString());    else        return strval($value);}?>

It seems that one is being treated as an unsigned large int (32 bit), and the other as a signed large int (which has rolled over/under).2326201276 - (-1968766020) =  4294967296.