Esta página descreve o uso da palavra-chave static na
definição de métodos e propriedades estáticas. A palavra-chave static também pode
ser utilizada para
definir variáveis estáticas,
definir funções anônimas estáticas
e em
late static bindings.
Veja essas páginas para informações desses outros usos de
static.
Declarar propriedades ou métodos de uma classe como estáticos faz deles acessíveis sem a necessidade de instanciar a classe. Um membro declarado como estático não pode ser acessado através de uma instância da classe.
Como métodos estáticos podem ser chamados sem uma instância do objeto criada, a pseudo-variável $this não está disponível dentro de um método declarado como estático.
Chamar métodos não estáticos, estaticamente, lança um Error.
Anteriormente ao PHP 8.0.0, chamar um método não estático estaticamente estava descontinuado, e
gerava um aviso E_DEPRECATED.
Exemplo #1 Exemplo de método estático
<?php
class Foo {
public static function aStaticMethod() {
// ...
}
}
Foo::aStaticMethod();
$classname = 'Foo';
$classname::aStaticMethod();
?>
Propriedades estáticas são acessíveis utilizando o
Operador de Resolução de Escopo
(::) e não podem ser acessados através do operador de objeto
(->).
É possível referenciar a classe usando uma variável.
O valor da variável não pode ser uma palavra chave (por exemplo, self,
parent e static).
Exemplo #2 Exemplo de propriedade estática
<?php
class Foo
{
public static $my_static = 'foo';
public function staticValue() {
return self::$my_static;
}
}
class Bar extends Foo
{
public function fooStatic() {
return parent::$my_static;
}
}
print Foo::$my_static . "\n";
$foo = new Foo();
print $foo->staticValue() . "\n";
print $foo->my_static . "\n"; // "Propriedade" não definida, my_static
print $foo::$my_static . "\n";
$classname = 'Foo';
print $classname::$my_static . "\n";
print Bar::$my_static . "\n";
$bar = new Bar();
print $bar->fooStatic() . "\n";
?>A saída do exemplo acima no PHP 8 é semelhante a:
foo foo Notice: Accessing static property Foo::$my_static as non static in /in/V0Rvv on line 23 Warning: Undefined property: Foo::$my_static in /in/V0Rvv on line 23 foo foo foo foo
Note that you should read "Variables/Variable scope" if you are looking for static keyword use for declaring static variables inside functions (or methods). I myself had this gap in my PHP knowledge until recently and had to google to find this out. I think this page should have a "See also" link to static function variables.
http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.variables.scope.phpHere statically accessed property prefer property of the class for which it is called. Where as self keyword enforces use of current class only. Refer the below example:
<?php
class a{
static protected $test="class a";
public function static_test(){
echo static::$test; // Results class b
echo self::$test; // Results class a
}
}
class b extends a{
static protected $test="class b";
}
$obj = new b();
$obj->static_test();
?>It is worth mentioning that there is only one value for each static variable that is the same for all instancesThe static keyword can still be used (in a non-oop way) inside a function. So if you need a value stored with your class, but it is very function specific, you can use this:
class aclass {
public static function b(){
static $d=12; // Set to 12 on first function call only
$d+=12;
return "$d\n";
}
}
echo aclass::b(); //24
echo aclass::b(); //36
echo aclass::b(); //48
echo aclass::$d; //fatal errorTo check if a method declared in a class is static or not, you can us following code. PHP5 has a Reflection Class, which is very helpful.
try {
$method = new ReflectionMethod( 'className::methodName );
if ( $method->isStatic() )
{
// Method is static.
}
}
catch ( ReflectionException $e )
{
// method does not exist
echo $e->getMessage();
}
*You can read more about Reflection class on http://php.net/manual/en/class.reflectionclass.phpYou misunderstand the meaning of inheritance : there is no duplication of members when you inherit from a base class. Members are shared through inheritance, and can be accessed by derived classes according to visibility (public, protected, private).
The difference between static and non static members is only that a non static member is tied to an instance of a class although a static member is tied to the class, and not to a particular instance.
That is, a static member is shared by all instances of a class although a non static member exists for each instance of class.
Thus, in your example, the static property has the correct value, according to principles of object oriented conception.
class Base
{
public $a;
public static $b;
}
class Derived extends Base
{
public function __construct()
{
$this->a = 0;
parent::$b = 0;
}
public function f()
{
$this->a++;
parent::$b++;
}
}
$i1 = new Derived;
$i2 = new Derived;
$i1->f();
echo $i1->a, ' ', Derived::$b, "\n";
$i2->f();
echo $i2->a, ' ', Derived::$b, "\n";
outputs
1 1
1 2This is also possible:
class Foo {
public static $bar = 'a static property';
}
$baz = (new Foo)::$bar;
echo $baz;It should be noted that in 'Example #2', you can also call a variably defined static method as follows:
<?php
class Foo {
public static function aStaticMethod() {
// ...
}
}
$classname = 'Foo';
$methodname = 'aStaticMethod';
$classname::{$methodname}(); // As of PHP 5.3.0 I believe
?>It is important to understand the behavior of static properties in the context of class inheritance:
- Static properties defined in both parent and child classes will hold DISTINCT values for each class. Proper use of self:: vs. static:: are crucial inside of child methods to reference the intended static property.
- Static properties defined ONLY in the parent class will share a COMMON value.
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
class staticparent {
static $parent_only;
static $both_distinct;
function __construct() {
static::$parent_only = 'fromparent';
static::$both_distinct = 'fromparent';
}
}
class staticchild extends staticparent {
static $child_only;
static $both_distinct;
function __construct() {
static::$parent_only = 'fromchild';
static::$both_distinct = 'fromchild';
static::$child_only = 'fromchild';
}
}
$a = new staticparent;
$a = new staticchild;
echo 'Parent: parent_only=', staticparent::$parent_only, ', both_distinct=', staticparent::$both_distinct, "<br/>\r\n";
echo 'Child: parent_only=', staticchild::$parent_only, ', both_distinct=', staticchild::$both_distinct, ', child_only=', staticchild::$child_only, "<br/>\r\n";
?>
will output:
Parent: parent_only=fromchild, both_distinct=fromparent
Child: parent_only=fromchild, both_distinct=fromchild, child_only=fromchild<?php
trait t {
protected $p;
public function testMe() {echo 'static:'.static::class. ' // self:'.self::class ."\n";}
}
class a { use t; }
class b extends a {}
echo (new a)->testMe();
echo (new b)->testMe();
outputs
static:a // self:t
static:b // self:tStatic variables are shared between sub classes
<?php
class MyParent {
protected static $variable;
}
class Child1 extends MyParent {
function set() {
self::$variable = 2;
}
}
class Child2 extends MyParent {
function show() {
echo(self::$variable);
}
}
$c1 = new Child1();
$c1->set();
$c2 = new Child2();
$c2->show(); // prints 2
?>On PHP 5.2.x or previous you might run into problems initializing static variables in subclasses due to the lack of late static binding:
<?php
class A {
protected static $a;
public static function init($value) { self::$a = $value; }
public static function getA() { return self::$a; }
}
class B extends A {
protected static $a; // redefine $a for own use
// inherit the init() method
public static function getA() { return self::$a; }
}
B::init('lala');
echo 'A::$a = '.A::getA().'; B::$a = '.B::getA();
?>
This will output:
A::$a = lala; B::$a =
If the init() method looks the same for (almost) all subclasses there should be no need to implement init() in every subclass and by that producing redundant code.
Solution 1:
Turn everything into non-static. BUT: This would produce redundant data on every object of the class.
Solution 2:
Turn static $a on class A into an array, use classnames of subclasses as indeces. By doing so you also don't have to redefine $a for the subclasses and the superclass' $a can be private.
Short example on a DataRecord class without error checking:
<?php
abstract class DataRecord {
private static $db; // MySQLi-Connection, same for all subclasses
private static $table = array(); // Array of tables for subclasses
public static function init($classname, $table, $db = false) {
if (!($db === false)) self::$db = $db;
self::$table[$classname] = $table;
}
public static function getDB() { return self::$db; }
public static function getTable($classname) { return self::$table[$classname]; }
}
class UserDataRecord extends DataRecord {
public static function fetchFromDB() {
$result = parent::getDB()->query('select * from '.parent::getTable('UserDataRecord').';');
// and so on ...
return $result; // An array of UserDataRecord objects
}
}
$db = new MySQLi(...);
UserDataRecord::init('UserDataRecord', 'users', $db);
$users = UserDataRecord::fetchFromDB();
?>
I hope this helps some people who need to operate on PHP 5.2.x servers for some reason. Late static binding, of course, makes this workaround obsolete.To check if a function was called statically or not, you'll need to do:
<?php
function foo () {
$isStatic = !(isset($this) && get_class($this) == __CLASS__);
}
?>
More at (http://blog.phpdoc.info/archives/4-Schizophrenic-Methods.html).
(I'll add this to the manual soon).Starting with php 5.3 you can get use of new features of static keyword. Here's an example of abstract singleton class:
<?php
abstract class Singleton {
protected static $_instance = NULL;
/**
* Prevent direct object creation
*/
final private function __construct() { }
/**
* Prevent object cloning
*/
final private function __clone() { }
/**
* Returns new or existing Singleton instance
* @return Singleton
*/
final public static function getInstance(){
if(null !== static::$_instance){
return static::$_instance;
}
static::$_instance = new static();
return static::$_instance;
}
}
?><?php
class foo {
private static $getInitial;
public static function getInitial() {
if (self::$getInitial == null)
self::$getInitial = new foo();
return self::$getInitial;
}
}
foo::getInitial();
/*
this is the example to use new class with static method..
i hope it help
*/
?>It's come to my attention that you cannot use a static member in an HEREDOC string. The following code
class A
{
public static $BLAH = "user";
function __construct()
{
echo <<<EOD
<h1>Hello {self::$BLAH}</h1>
EOD;
}
}
$blah = new A();
produces this in the source code:
<h1>Hello {self::}</h1>
Solution:
before using a static member, store it in a local variable, like so:
class B
{
public static $BLAH = "user";
function __construct()
{
$blah = self::$BLAH;
echo <<<EOD
<h1>Hello {$blah}</h1>
EOD;
}
}
and the output's source code will be:
<h1>Hello user</h1>Regarding the initialization of complex static variables in a class, you can emulate a static constructor by creating a static function named something like init() and calling it immediately after the class definition.
<?php
class Example {
private static $a = "Hello";
private static $b;
public static function init() {
self::$b = self::$a . " World!";
}
}
Example::init();
?>In real world, we can say will use static method when we dont want to create object instance.
e.g ...
validateEmail($email) {
if(T) return true;
return false;
}
//This makes not much sense
$obj = new Validate();
$result = $obj->validateEmail($email);
//This makes more sense
$result = Validate::validateEmail($email);Hi, here's my simple Singleton example, i think it can be useful for someone. You can use this pattern to connect to the database for example.
<?php
class MySingleton
{
private static $instance = null;
private function __construct()
{
$this-> name = 'Freddy';
}
public static function getInstance()
{
if(self::$instance == null)
{
print "Object created!<br>";
self::$instance = new self;
}
return self::$instance;
}
public function sayHello()
{
print "Hello my name is {$this-> name}!<br>";
}
public function setName($name)
{
$this-> name = $name;
}
}
//
$objA = MySingleton::getInstance(); // Object created!
$objA-> sayHello(); // Hello my name is Freddy!
$objA-> setName("Alex");
$objA-> sayHello(); // Hello my name is Alex!
$objB = MySingleton::getInstance();
$objB-> sayHello(); // Hello my name is Alex!
$objB-> setName("Bob");
$objA-> sayHello(); // Hello my name is Bob!
?>Inheritance with the static elements is a nightmare in php. Consider the following code:
<?php
class BaseClass{
public static $property;
}
class DerivedClassOne extends BaseClass{
}
class DerivedClassTwo extends BaseClass{
}
DerivedClassOne::$property = "foo";
DerivedClassTwo::$property = "bar";
echo DerivedClassOne::$property; //one would naively expect "foo"...
?>
What would you expect as an output? "foo"? wrong. It is "bar"!!! Static variables are not inherited, they point to the BaseClass::$property.
At this point I think it is a big pity inheritance does not work in case of static variables/methods. Keep this in mind and save your time when debugging.
best regards - michalThe simplest static constructor.
Because php does not have a static constructor and you may want to initialize static class vars, there is one easy way, just call your own function directly after the class definition.
for example.
<?php
function Demonstration()
{
return 'This is the result of demonstration()';
}
class MyStaticClass
{
//public static $MyStaticVar = Demonstration(); //!!! FAILS: syntax error
public static $MyStaticVar = null;
public static function MyStaticInit()
{
//this is the static constructor
//because in a function, everything is allowed, including initializing using other functions
self::$MyStaticVar = Demonstration();
}
} MyStaticClass::MyStaticInit(); //Call the static constructor
echo MyStaticClass::$MyStaticVar;
//This is the result of demonstration()
?>How to implement a one storage place based on static properties.
<?php
class a {
public function get () {
echo $this->connect();
}
}
class b extends a {
private static $a;
public function connect() {
return self::$a = 'b';
}
}
class c extends a {
private static $a;
public function connect() {
return self::$a = 'c';
}
}
$b = new b ();
$c = new c ();
$b->get();
$c->get();
?>It bears mention that static variables (in the following sense) persist:
<?php
class StaticVars
{
public static $a=1;
}
$b=new StaticVars;
$c=new StaticVars;
echo $b::$a; //outputs 1
$c::$a=2;
echo $b::$a; //outputs 2!
?>
Note that $c::$a=2 changed the value of $b::$a even though $b and $c are totally different objects.I used instantiation to access the access the a static property directly.
A Simple ticky art, you may apply (using object to access static property in a class) with the scope resolution operator
<?php
class Shopinson {
const MY_CONSTANT = 'the value of MY_CONSTANT ';
}
class Godwin extends Shopinson
{
public static $myconstant = ' The Paamayim Nekudotayim or double-colon.';
public function SaySomething(){
echo parent::MY_CONSTANT .PHP_EOL; // outputs: the value of MY_CONSTANT
echo self::$myconstant; // outputs: The Paamayim Nekudotayim or double-colon.
}
}
$my_class = new Godwin();
print $my_class::$myconstant;
$my_class::SaySomething();
echo Godwin::$myconstant;
Godwin::SaySomething();
?>
print $my_class::$myconstant;If you are trying to write classes that do this:
<?php
class Base
{
static function Foo ()
{
self::Bar();
}
}
class Derived extends Base
{
function Bar ()
{
echo "Derived::Bar()";
}
}
Derived::Foo(); // we want this to print "Derived::Bar()"
?>
Then you'll find that PHP can't (unless somebody knows the Right Way?) since 'self::' refers to the class which owns the /code/, not the actual class which is called at runtime. (__CLASS__ doesn't work either, because: A. it cannot appear before ::, and B. it behaves like 'self')
But if you must, then here's a (only slightly nasty) workaround:
<?php
class Base
{
function Foo ( $class = __CLASS__ )
{
call_user_func(array($class,'Bar'));
}
}
class Derived extends Base
{
function Foo ( $class = __CLASS__ )
{
parent::Foo($class);
}
function Bar ()
{
echo "Derived::Bar()";
}
}
Derived::Foo(); // This time it works.
?>
Note that Base::Foo() may no longer be declared 'static' since static methods cannot be overridden (this means it will trigger errors if error level includes E_STRICT.)
If Foo() takes parameters then list them before $class=__CLASS__ and in most cases, you can just forget about that parameter throughout your code.
The major caveat is, of course, that you must override Foo() in every subclass and must always include the $class parameter when calling parent::Foo().when attempting to implement a singleton class, one might also want to either
a) disable __clone by making it private
b) bash the user who attempts to clone by defining __clone to throw an exception<?php
class foo
{
public static $myStaticClass;
public function __construct()
{
self::myStaticClass = new bar();
}
}
class bar
{
public function __construct(){}
}
?>
Please note, this won't work.
Use self::$myStaticClass = new bar(); instead of self::myStaticClass = new bar(); (note the $ sign).
Took me an hour to figure this out.Asnwer selcted as correct solves problem. There is a valid use case (Design Pattern) where class with static member function needs to call non-static member function and before that this static members should also instantiate singleton using constructor a constructor.
**Case:**
For example, I am implementing Swoole HTTP Request event providing it a call-back as a Class with static member. Static Member does two things; it creates Singleton Object of the class by doing initialization in class constructor, and second this static members does is to call a non-static method 'run()' to handle Request (by bridging with Phalcon). Hence, static class without constructor and non-static call will not work for me.